Europe’s energy system is entering a new era of exposure. Digitalisation, climate stress, geopolitical tensions, and increasingly complex supply chains are creating intertwined vulnerabilities across electricity, gas, oil, and hydrogen networks. Cyber...
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Europe’s energy system is entering a new era of exposure. Digitalisation, climate stress, geopolitical tensions, and increasingly complex supply chains are creating intertwined vulnerabilities across electricity, gas, oil, and hydrogen networks. Cyber threats are escalating: According to ENISA’s Threat Landscape 2025, energy is consistently among the most targeted sectors for sophisticated cyber operations. At the same time, volatility in electricity wholesale markets and disinformation campaigns can amplify disruptions across the entire energy ecosystem.
Overcome Siloed Approaches
Despite the strengthening of the EU framework through NIS2, the CER Directive, the Cyber Resilience Act, Seveso III, and energy-specific Network Codes, regulatory implementation remains fragmented. Cyber, physical, climate, market, and hybrid risks are often addressed separately, leading to parallel risk assessments and divergent supervisory expectations. Governance fragmentation is linked to overlappi
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