IRAQI JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS Vol. 22, No. 3, July-September 2026, pp. 493-498 Effects of pH Level and Mixing Aya M.H. Kinaanah* Time on Characteristics of Raad M.S. AL-Haddad Bismuth Nanoparticles Prepared by Green Synthesis Department of Physics,...
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IRAQI JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS Vol. 22, No. 3, July-September 2026, pp. 493-498 Effects of pH Level and Mixing Aya M.H. Kinaanah* Time on Characteristics of Raad M.S. AL-Haddad Bismuth Nanoparticles Prepared by Green Synthesis Department of Physics, College of Science, In this study, bismuth nanoparticles were prepared by green synthesis from Iraqi University of Baghdad, lemon extract. Results showed that bismuth nanoparticles show absorption peaks Baghdad, IRAQ at 268-289nm confirming the formation of bismuth nanoparticles with blue shift * Corresponding author email: range. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the polycrystalline structure Aya.Hasan2304@sc.uobaghdad.edu.iq of bismuth nanoparticles with crystallite size of 9-20nm. These nanoparticles have nearly spherical forms with varying diameters between 22.37 and 20.89nm. The zeta potential were estimated to be -43.5 mV and -40 mV confirming the stability of bismuth nanoparticles. The sp2 hybridization of bismuth nano
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