IRAQI JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS Vol. 22, No. 3, July-September 2026, pp. 373-380 Triple-Band Circular Ring Microstrip Patch Antenna Hanien H. Jalil* Ali H. Khidhir Enhanced by Nd:YAG Laser Processing at C-band for Wireless Communications Department of...
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IRAQI JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS Vol. 22, No. 3, July-September 2026, pp. 373-380 Triple-Band Circular Ring Microstrip Patch Antenna Hanien H. Jalil* Ali H. Khidhir Enhanced by Nd:YAG Laser Processing at C-band for Wireless Communications Department of Physics, College of Science, This work presents the design and experimental validation of a compact circular ring University of Baghdad, microstrip antenna on Rogers RO4350B substrate. The initial slotless design exhibited Baghdad, IRAQ dual-band performance at 4.44 and 5.8 GHz with return losses of –18.5 dB and –28.3 * Corresponding author email: dB, gains of 2.3 and 5.5 dBi, and efficiencies of 48% and 83%. Introducing a 1 mm Hanin.Haidar2404m@sc.uobaghdad.edu.iq central slot enhanced bandwidth and generated triple resonances at 4.62, 5.82, and 6.2 GHz, with gains up to 6.8 dBi and 85.2% efficiency. Prototypes were fabricated and further processed using Nd:YAG laser treatment, which improved impedance matching and extended bandwidth to
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