How could global demand for ammonia, methanol, e-fuels, and green steel evolve by 2100? Ayat-Allah Bouramdane Introduction How could the global transition toward a low-carbon economy reshape the demand for key low-carbon industrial products over the coming...
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How could global demand for ammonia, methanol, e-fuels, and green steel evolve by 2100? Ayat-Allah Bouramdane Introduction How could the global transition toward a low-carbon economy reshape the demand for key low-carbon industrial products over the coming decades? More specifically, how much could worldwide demand for ammonia (NH₃), methanol (CH₃OH), e-fuels, and green steel increase by 2030, 2050, and 2100? How different would these demand trajectories be if the global transition occurs slowly, moderately, or very rapidly? Which of the four products is likely to experience the greatest relative expansion, and why? To what extent could the development of renewable electricity, green hydrogen, climate policies, technological progress, and industrial decarbonization accelerate their adoption? Finally, how should these long-term demand pathways be interpreted given the considerable uncertainty surrounding technological, economic, political, and market developments toward 2100? These ques
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